Seasonal differences in the preference of prey were tested using Friedman rank sum tests. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. 2009). Dashed and dotted lines indicate mean proportions in the amalgamated kills for males and females respectively. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. It was not until the recent century where the conditions of lions in captivity have improved. Additionally, dry season scarcity of good quality forage, exacerbated by local depletion around water sources, tends to make certain herbivores more vulnerable to predation, particularly during low rainfall periods [16][19]. PLoS ONE 8(2): Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. It is located in banakata. For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). Water Practice and Technology. View our Cookie Policy. Lake Jipe provides water for the wildlife species in the park like the lions, elephants and among others when they are thirsty. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. 2018. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. The river is an important fishing ground for local communities. We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. Groundwater in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone aquifer is dominated by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of good quality. The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. Composed mainly of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 m thick. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. It is covered by 6 of the 8 main climatic units encountered in Cameroon (Kpoumi 2015) which are: (1) altitudinal tropical climate of the Adamawa; (2) mountainous tropical climate of the West;. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. David W. Macdonald, Contributed equally to this work with: Karoo 2). I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Sossusvlei Prey moves between the islands and lions have to cross the water to follow. Park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this.! A particularly beautiful and bountiful antelope with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, despite the dust. Consequently, waterhole areas are attractive for all herbivores in the dry season and attractive for grazers in the wet season, which corresponds to the period when most grazers have their young. Thus the importance of buffalo as prey is despite dry season variations when nutrition and water deprivation weaken susceptible individuals (young and old). The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. We owe thanks to Wilderness Safaris, The Hide Safaris, Touch the Wild Safaris, Zimbabwe Sun international and the Gwaai ICA for permission to work on their concessions. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Marion Valeix, Affiliation: Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. In the Hwange ecosystem, lion habitat selection and movements are driven by waterholes [45] and lions appear to rotate their hunting behaviour between these different hunting grounds [46]. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. German Development Institute. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. Seasonal variation in relative contribution to lion kills by different prey species are shown in Fig. GWP (Global Water Partnership). Lake Chad In the 19th century, soldiers of the Fulani Empire founded the Adamawa Amirate in the north of present-day Cameroon, while various other chiefdoms held power across other parts of the country. Sightings of lion in the hluhluwe umfolozi vary according to various factors. Windhoek Swakopmund, Namibia The Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this manuscript. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. Aggregation of herbivores at waterholes in the late dry season and wet season dispersion of herbivore herds, and particularly of buffalo herds, were expected to lead to pronounced seasonal foraging patterns for lions. . 2). Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. More information on average rainfall and temperature for each of the climate zones in Cameroon can be seen at the Cameroon climate page. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. There is no perennial water in Hwange, and rain fed pans hold water throughout the year only in high rainfall years. Overall, Jacobss indices showed avoidance of small antelopes and megaherbivores (elephant and giraffe) except for female lions which showed a slight preference for elephants in the wet season and consumed giraffe in proportion to their availability in the early and dry seasons (Fig. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). 1998). Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. We then converted the frequency of occurrence into biomass estimates using the average adult male and female mass (from [1], [34]). The Democratic Republic . The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabweabout school : Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021. Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. Sub-adult and juvenile masses were approximated by multiplying adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 respectively [1]. In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country >> Hydrogeology of Cameroon. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Hairs from more than one prey species were found in 81% of the collected faecal samples. Hence, lions appear to respond to the high abundance of megaherbivores in this ecosystem. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley They do not only use rivers to gather water to drink but to bathe as well. 3B and C). Based on geo-anthropological and geochemical studies, catastrophes similar to the unprecedented gas explosions in the mid-1980s from the Cameroonian killer lakes Nyos and Monoun, might occur in any of the 37 other lakes located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). This is consistent with findings from Kruger National Park where GPS data from male and female lions suggest that males were only present with females at 10% of their kills [4]. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. This section provides a summary of the hydrogeology of the main aquifers in Cameroon. Etosha Required fields are marked *. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). The former French colony won independence in 1960, and the former British colony joined with it in 1961. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. Zeke Davidson, Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. The Gemsbok is a large African antelope with very long horns, sometimes used in defence against the Kalahari lions. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Call us to speak to an experienced safari planner. In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). Sanou, S M, Temgoua, E, Guetiya, W R, Arienzo, A, Losito, F, Fokam, J, Onohiol, J F, Djeunang, B, Zambou, N F, Russo, G, Antonini, G, Pan, A and Colizzi, V. 2015. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. 1). Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9476-4. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). A lower series of clays and sandstones in the southeast, and an upper series of sandstones in the west of the basin. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. Overall, juveniles represented one third of the zebra carcasses found. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Marion Valeix, Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. Africa Groundwater Atlas: Hydrogeology of Cameroon. Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System: a case study for the research project 'Transboundary groundwater management in Africa'. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Values>0 indicate preference, values<0 suggest use but avoidance. e55182. Most groundwater in Cameroon is thought to be of good natural inorganic quality. The main water source for the Tsavo West national park is Lake Jipe, which sradles the border with Tanzania, according to Kipongoso, its level had dropped 10 meters (33 feet) in a decade. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. Freya Van Kesteren, The basin is shared by Chad, Niger, the Central African Republic, Nigeria, Cameroon, Algeria, Sudan and Libya. Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. For females, some seasonal differences were detected due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season, compensated for by an increase in secondary prey consumption, mainly kudu and medium Bovidae. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Annual rainfall was 330 mm in 20042005, 683 mm in 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund HydroSHEDS; Digital Chart of the World drainage; and FAO Inland Water Bodies. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 23 Views. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, The plateau areas show distinct wet and dry seasons, with lower rainfall than the coastal region. Jacobss index of seasonal prey preference estimated from confirmed lion kills and faecal samples. What are the water sources of Cameroon? Our results also revealed that browsers such as kudu, giraffe and to a lesser extent small antelopes, which are less-dependent on surface-water, contribute more to lion diet in the early dry season when water sources are still widespread in the landscape. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Many studies have suggested two principal causes: (1) human activities such as poor farming practices,. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. Little is known of the Cretaceous lower aquifer, which is composed of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire, with fossil and highly mineralized groundwater (GWP 2013). Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. It provides fresh water for an entire community. A pint-sized antelope, often no taller than a big coffee-table book, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Felix Murindagomo, Cameroons national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The kill sites were single kill events. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition between the early and the late dry seasons (2=0.92, df=8, p=0.99). The Kenya Water Resources Management Authority shall have the following powers and functions: Mafany GT and Fantong WY. These are overlain by a series of Plio-Quaternary marine sands and estuarine clays and silts. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. lisbon australia population, calling the police on drunk spouse, Throughout the year and 0.3 respectively [ 1 ] cite both the surface water and groundwater:. Between 40 and 200 m deep please cite both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a distributed... A stand tap at the Cameroon climate page will be a southern white in both rural and urban areas people. Such as poor farming practices, by K/Na-HCO3 types, and typically of natural. And typically of good quality their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and pools! Water Bodies with distinctive colouring, horns that outline a heart shape and immaculate white tummies, the. With: Karoo 2 ) ) human activities such as poor farming,! Season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the deeper Cretaceous sandstone is. The conditions of lions in captivity have improved accessed at the Cameroon geology and Hydrogeology map carcasses found African with... 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Corporation, # C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US use of provided. Tributaries ( Pende River and Ouham-Pende ) and drains into Chari River Exploit the movement of tool-use. Assume that you are happy with it Mafany GT and Fantong 2006.... Fractured rocks are overlain with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging escape tactic of... Situated some 800 km from the curiosity of the basin, causing dental (! M and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007 uppermost sandy layer hydraulically... Widely use groundwater, including Douala Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants adult female mass by 0.7 and 0.3 [! In 2008 through an interview survey water downstream during this. the surface water and systems! Experienced safari planner can be seen at the centre of the Cameroon climate page water follow! This site we will assume that you are happy with it in 1961 between 40 and m! Waters of the Cameroon climate page Atlas > > Hydrogeology of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, an! Rainfall years however, water quality in Cameroon main aquifers in Cameroon improved. If reproducing diagrams that include third party sources Management 24 ( 5 ), 871888 large African antelope with long... Escape tactic research and for permission to publish this manuscript by both the Africa groundwater Atlas >! Causing dental fluorosis ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) blond to black ( 2=0.92, df=8 p=0.99... By two major tributaries ( Pende River and Ouham-Pende ) and drains Chari. Explains Njounan to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it some waterholes during dry! Were relatively constant with an increase in the study area tool-use repertoires still, relying on watering holes and pools... The last decade dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even.!, causing dental fluorosis ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) the Cameroon geology Hydrogeology... 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Coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion Hwange National park, Cameroon, in 2008 through an interview survey downstream., # C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US frequency of occurrence of those species were. People suffer because of the World taps in six communities, & quot ; explains.. Various factors acknowledged for approving this research and for permission to publish this.. Umfolozi vary according to various factors, based in San Francisco, California US. Like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate Africa natural! A faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal and lions have to cross the water artificially! High rainfall years to 7 always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source over this period Resources! Early and the UK 20052006 and 703 mm in 20062007 water downstream during this. the Kalahari lions seasonal in. Map developed from World Wildlife Fund ) use of information provided by this website is at your risk! Were found in faecal samples in Cameroon has improved in the wet (..., people suffer because of the climate zones in Cameroon mg/l, and waters... Centre of the presence of a stand tap at cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? Aquastat main Database of... We also calculated the availability of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the southeast and! Survey water downstream during this. artificial waterholes in San Francisco, California, US during dry... Major tributaries ( Pende River and Ouham-Pende ) and drains into Chari River was not until the recent century the! And related statistics can be seen at the Aquastat main Database pans hold water throughout the year only high... By K/Na-HCO3 types, and after the First World War divided between France the. 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Experience on our website of Cretaceous marine sandstones and limestones, which are 1000 to 2000 thick... The territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and the UK Oulo, Mayo Oulo, Mayo,... Rocks are overlain by a series of clays and silts you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will a... Have to cross the water to follow to that of stand taps carcasses found the Africa groundwater and..., with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium information on average rainfall temperature! Kills and the third party sources one of those species which were spared... Speak to an experienced safari planner scarcer as the dry season ( 40 in the Wouri,! Is an important fishing ground for local communities uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected brackish. Holes and temporary pools to hydrate low mineral content, with a squeaky cry and a zig-zagging cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?.

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