Provides explanations and charts to help users calculate the current value of historic dollar amounts. Spanish dollars were silver coins sometimes called "pieces of eight" because they were worth eight reales (royals). "A cow is usually valued at $25-30 and a good pair of oxen will sell for $70," in south-central New York state, according to this. Current silver price is $16.35 an ounce, so that would make 5 shillings worth about $17.36. (By contrast, you can't evenly divide a U.S. dollar three ways -- let alone 6, 12, or 15.) The gold sovereign, worth 1 GBP was introduced. why did federalists only think that rich men could be a government representative? As the youngest, times were probably tough by the time he was born, so he could have been impacted by poor prenatal nutrition combined with a lack of food as he grew up. Toward this end parliament enacted laws prohibiting the export of British silver coinage as it was felt the colonies should be providing Britain with precious metals rather than draining them away. For a quick comparison imagine one shilling as 50p today. 12 10s. Used in auctions; the bid was placed in guineas, the seller received that number of pounds, and the auctioneer or. From its first castingin the 16th century through the mid 20th century, the shilling was made of silver. Eg 30 shillings = 0.05 x 30 = 1.50. Enter source year: (1264-1983) Enter target year: (1913-2022) Enter old value in pounds: . The pound had an average inflation rate of 2.18% per year between 1770 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 23,234.70%. As for the shilling in the story, we learn early of Bob Cratchit, the lone loyal and dedicated employee of the harsh and stingy Scrooge. Often, lawsuits resulted over debts. Shows average prices of cultivated land and unimproved land. 1 shilling equalled twelve pence (12d). What factual information is conveyed in this source? Just like in our comparison of values between Uganda and Tanzania, the cost of living in 1843 London might make that $95 per week look a little bit better or worse, so lets see what it was back then. sterling) was valued at 44d (3s8d) and the 63 stuiver "Silver rider" ducatoon (at 21 dwt. How happy are you that you live in the 21st century rather than the 19th? The idea of a money shortage may be hard to understand today. The author of this travel narrative reports on prices for houses and land he encountered while touring the U.S. in 1794, including the value of lots in the. How Much Does It Cost to Rent a Car in Spain? One farthing. Source: Links to each volume's table of contents below. Shows average prices of bread in England for each year from 1660-1899 on pages 27-35. To meet that need, informal systems of credit developed. Because of England's mercantilist policies, American colonists were not allowed to manufacture and sell fancy finished goods -- fine clothing and linens, glassware, or china, for example -- and wealthier Americans also wanted goods like wine that had to be imported in any case. ($0.31) In return the colonies would be protected by British arms and civilized by British rule. Any values that were less than a pound were referred to in shillings and pence. Prices for CLOTHING and SEWING SUPPLIES, 1790s, Prices for TRAVEL and TRANSPORTATION, 1790s. Marie Concannon, Government Information Librarian Today, global trading in currency sets exchange rates, but there were no international banks to set exchange rates in the 1700s. The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence. In Tanzania, the same McDonalds meal will cost about 18,000 shillings or $8.10. The result was the value of these units (pence, shilling and pound) were not on par with Britain and, to add to the confusion, their value differed in different colonies. Here is what I learned about comparative values in these two nations using a shilling-based currency today: When we get a look at average monthly net salaries, we begin to understand the concept of cost of living. shillings), and Oranges, sage, and onions(3 shillings). Old money converter - sd to decimal. Often, values were written in a shorthand that looks like decimal numbers -- for example, 3.10.06 is three pounds, ten shillings, and sixpence. This coin was minted from 1838 until 1863. The following page shows the. The 1872 Report of Commissioners on Bureau of Labor Statistics to the [New Hampshire] Legislature is an incredibly rich source of wages dating from the 1790s such as, Tells annual salary (in pounds) of a reverend in Chester in. In 1709 Pennsylvania valued the Spanish dollar back to 72d (6s), which was the proclamation rate of 33.33% over sterling, however by the 1742 the dollar was trading at 90d (7s6d), a 66.66% increase over sterling. Shillings (s) [max 19] s. Pence (d) [max 11] d. No halfpennies or farthings. In England during the 19th century, Bob Cratchits 15 shilling weekly salary was just as below average as it sounds today. Shows the price of hats, shoes and boots in British pounds sterling, p.99. "Liberty to Slaves": The Response of Free and Enslaved Black People to Revolution, Primary Source: Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, Primary Source: A Virginian Responds to Dunmore's Proclamation, Mary Slocumb at Moores Creek Bridge: The Birth of a Legend, Primary Source: Minutes on The Halifax Resolves, Primary Source: The Declaration of Independence, North Carolinas Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Primary Source: The North Carolina Constitution and Declaration of Rights, The Cherokees' and Catawbas' Stance in the Revolutionary War, Boundary Between North Carolina and the Cherokee Nation, 1767, Primary Source: A Letter to Brigadier General Rutherford, Primary Source: Cherokee Leaders Speak About Land Cessions, The Overmountain Men and the Battle of Kings Mountain, Primary Source: Diary Reporting Chaos in Salem, Primary Source: A Petition to Protect Loyalist Families, The First National Government: The Articles of Confederation, North Carolina Demands a Declaration of Rights, Thomas Jefferson on Manufacturing and Commerce, Primary Source: Excerpt from Schoepf on the Auction of Enslaved People in Wilmington, Into the Wilderness: Circuit Riders Take Religion to the People, Description of a Nineteenth Century Revival, "Be saved from the jaws of an angry hell", Primary Source: John Jea's Narrative on Slavery and Christianity, Primary Source: Excerpt from "Elizabeth, a Colored Minister of the Gospel, Born in Slavery", Searching for Greener Pastures: Out-Migration in the 1800s, Migration Into and Out of North Carolina: Exploring Census Data, North Carolina's Leaders Speak Out on Emigration, Archibald Murphey Proposes a System of Public Education, Archibald Murphey Calls for Better Inland Navigation, Primary Source: A Free School in Beaufort, Primary Source: Rules for Students and Teachers, John Chavis Opens a School for White and Black Students, Education and Literacy in Edgecombe County, 1810, A Bill to Prevent All Persons from Teaching Slaves to Read or Write, the Use of Figures Excepted (1830), A Timeline of North Carolina Colleges (17661861), From the North Carolina Gold-Mine Company, Debating War with Britain: Against the War, Dolley Madison and the White House Treasures, The Expansion of Slavery and the Missouri Compromise, Reporting on Nat Turner: The North Carolina Star, Sept. 1, Reporting on Nat Turner: The Raleigh Register, Sept. 1, Reporting on Nat Turner: The Raleigh Register, Sept. 15, News Reporting of Insurrections in North Carolina, Primary Source: Letter Concerning Nat Turner's Rebellion, Cherokee Nation v. the State of Georgia, 1831, Chief John Ross Protests the Treaty of New Echota, Reform Movements Across the United States, 1835 Amendments to the North Carolina Constitution, North Carolina's First Public School Opens, Primary Source: Dorothea Dix Pleads for a State Mental Hospital, Social Divisions in Antebellum North Carolina, Primary Source: Ned Hyman's Appeal for Manumission, Primary Source: A Sampling of Black Codes, Primary Sources: Advertising Recapture and Sale of Enslaved People, Primary Source: Freedom-Seekers and the Great Dismal Swamp, Primary Source: Henry William Harrington Jr.'s Diary, Primary Source: Southern Cooking and Housekeeping Book, 1824, Primary Source: Frederick Law Olmstead on Naval Stores in Antebellum North Carolina, Primary Source: Stagville Plantation Expenses Records, Primary Source: Stagville Plantation Expansion Records, Primary Source: Excerpt from James Curry's Autobiography, Primary Source: Interview with Fountain Hughes, Primary Source: Harriet Jacobs Book Excerpt, Primary Source: Lunsford Lane Buys His Freedom, Primary Source: James Curry Escapes from Slavery, Primary Source: Cameron Family Plantation Records, American Indian Cabinetmakers in Piedmont North Carolina, Estimated Cost of the North Carolina Rail Road, 1851, Joining Together in Song: Piedmont Music in Black and White, Timeline of the Civil War, JanuaryJune 1861, Timeline of the Civil War, July 1861-July 1864, The Civil War: from Bull Run to Appomattox, North Carolina as a Civil War Battlefield: May 1861-April 1862, Rose O'Neal Greenhow Describes the Battle of Manassas, North Carolina as a Civil War Battlefield, May 1862November 1864, The RaleighStandardProtests Conscription, Cargo Manifests of Confederate Blockade Runners, Iowa Royster on the March into Pennsylvania, "I am sorry to tell that some of our brave boys has got killed", A Civil War at Home: Treatment of Unionists, Timeline of the Civil War, August 1864May 1865, North Carolina as a Civil War Battlefield, November 1864May 1865, Wilmington, Fort Fisher, and the Lifeline of the Confederacy, Parole Signed by the Officers and Men in Johnston's Army, Primary Source: Catherine Anne Devereux Edmondston and the Collapse of the Confederacy, Freedmen's Schools: The school houses are crowded, and the people are clamorous for more, Address of The Raleigh Freedmen's Convention, Timeline of Reconstruction in North Carolina, Primary Source: Johnson's Amnesty Proclamation, Primary Source: Black Codes in North Carolina, 1866, Primary Source: Catherine Edmondston and Reconstruction, Primary Source: Amending the U.S. Constitution, African Americans Get the Vote in Eastern North Carolina, Primary Source: Military Reconstruction Act, "Redemption" and the End of Reconstruction, Primary Source: The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, Primary Source: Governor Holden Speaks Out Against the Ku Klux Klan, Primary Source: The Murder of "Chicken" Stephens, Primary Source: "Address to the Colored People of North Carolina", North Carolina in the New South (1870-1900), Life on the Land: The Piedmont Before Industrialization, Growth and Transformation: the United States in the Gilded Age, The Struggles of Labor and the Rise of Labor Unions, Timeline of North Carolina Colleges and Universities, 18651900, Student Life at the Normal and Industrial School, Wealth and Education by the Numbers, North Carolina 1900, Primary Source: Southern Women and the Bicycle, Primary Source: Warm Springs Hotel Advertisement, Primary Source: Tourism Advertisement for Southern Pines, NC, "The duty of colored citizens to their country", Populists, Fusionists, and White Supremacists: North Carolina Politics from Reconstruction to the Election of 1898, George Henry White: a Biographical Sketch, Letter from an African American Citizen of Wilmington to the President, J. Allen Kirk on the Wilmington Race Riot, North Carolina in the Early 20th Century (19001929), Turn of the 20th Century Technology and Transportation, Primary Source: New Bern Daily Journal on Municipal Electric Services, Primary Source: Max Bennet Thrasher on Rural Free Delivery, Primary Source: Consequences of the Telephone, Primary Source: Newspaper Coverage of the First Flight, Primary Source: Letter Promoting the Good Roads Movement, Primary Source: Charles Brantley Aycock and His Views on Education, Primary Source: Woman's Association for Improving School Houses, Primary Source: Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, Primary Source: Bulletin on Sanitation and Privies, Propaganda and Public Opinion in the First World War, The Increasing Power of Destruction: military technology in World War I, Primary Source: The Importance of Camp Bragg, Primary Source: Speech on Conditions at Camp Greene, Primary Source: Letter Home from the American Expeditionary Force, Primary Source: Governor Bickett's speech to the Deserters of Ashe County, North Carolina and the "Blue Death": The Flu Epidemic of 1918, Primary Source: Bulletin on Stopping the Spread of Influenza, Primary Source: Speech on Nationalism from Warren Harding, African American Involvement in World War I, Primary Source: Proceedings from the North Carolina Equal Suffrage League, Primary Source: Alice Duer Miller's "Why We Oppose Votes for Men", Gertrude Weil Urges Suffragists to Action, North Carolina and the Women's Suffrage Amendment, Gertrude Weil Congratulates and Consoles Suffragists, Primary Source: Letter Detailing Triracial Segregation in Robeson County, Primary Source: George White Speaks Out Against Lynchings, The North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, Primary Source: Charlotte Hawkins Brown's Rules for School, Primary Source: 1912 Winston Salem Segregation Ordinance Enacted, Black Student Activism in the 1920s and 1930s, How the Twenties Roared in North Carolina, From Stringbands to Bluesmen: African American Music in the Piedmont, Hillbillies and Mountain Folk: Early Stringband Recordings, Jubilee Quartets and the Five Royales: From Gospel to Rhythm & Blues, An Industry Representative visits Loray Mills, Congress Considers an Inquiry Into Textile Strikes, The Great Depression and World War II (1929 and 1945), Primary Source: Roosevelt on the Banking Crisis, Primary Source: Excerpt of Child Labor Laws in North Carolina, Primary Source: Statute on Workplace Safety, Tobacco Bag Stringing: Life and Labor in the Depression, Primary Source: Interviews on Rural Electrification, Primary Source: Mary Allen Discusses a Farm Family in Sampson County, 4-H and Home Demonstration During the Great Depression, Primary Source: Records of Eugenical Sterilization in North Carolina, Roads Taken and Not Taken: Images and the Story of the Blue Ridge Parkway Missing Link", Primary Source: Louella Odessa Saunders on Self-Sufficient Farming, Primary Source: A Textile Mill Worker's Family, Primary Source: Juanita Hinson and the East Durham Mill Village, Primary Source: Begging Reduced to a System, Primary Source: Lasting Impacts of the Great Depression, Primary Source: Roosevelt's "A date which will live in infamy" Speech, Primary Source: Americans React to Pearl Harbor, The Science and Technology of World War II, Primary Source: Landing in Europe, Through the Eyes of the Cape Fear, Primary Source: Soldier Interview on Battle of the Bulge, Primary Source: Enlisting for Service in World War II, Primary Source: Basic Training in World War II, Face to Face with Segregation: African American marines at Camp Lejune, Primary Source: Black Soldiers on Racial Discrimination in the Army, Primary Source: Richard Daughtry on Surviving the Blitz, Primary Source: James Wall on Serving in the Air Force, Primary Source: Norma Shaver and Serving in the Pacific, Primary Source: Roosevelt's Fireside Chat 21, Primary Source: Roosevelt's Fireside Chat 23, North Carolina's Wartime Miracle: Defending the Nation, Japanese-American Imprisonment: Introduction, Japanese-American Imprisonment: WWII and Pearl Harbor, Japanese-American Imprisonment: Executive Order 9066 and Imprisonment, Japanese-American Imprisonment: Prison Camps, Japanese-American Imprisonment: Legal Challenges, Japanese-American Imprisonment: Closing Facilities and Life After, Primary Source: Poster Announcing Japanese American Removal and Relocation, Germans Attack Off of North Carolina's Outer Banks, Primary Source: Wartime Wilmington, Through the Eyes of the Cape Fear, Primary Source: Margaret Rogers and Prisoners of War in North Carolina, 4-H and Home Demonstration Work during World War II, Primary Source: 4-H Club Promotional Materials, Primary Source: Report on 4-H club contributions to the war effort, Primary Source: North Carolina's Feed a Fighter Contest, Primary Source: Harry Truman on using the A-Bomb at Hiroshima, Primary Source: Veteran Discusses Occupying Japan, Primary Source: Dead and Missing from North Carolina in World War II, Selling North Carolina, One Image at a Time, More than Tourism: Cherokee, North Carolina, in the Post-War Years, The Harriet-Henderson Textile Workers Union Strike: Defeat for Struggling Southern Labor Unions, W. Kerr Scott: From Dairy Farmer to Transforming North Carolina Business and Politics, Governor Terry Sanford: Transforming the Tar Heel State with Progressive Politics and Policies, The Piedmont Leaf Tobacco Plant Strike, 1946, Alone but Not Afraid: Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, Robert F. Williams and Black Power in North Carolina, The NAACP in North Carolina: One Way or Another, Pauli Murray and 20th Century Freedom Movements, Brown v. Board of Education and School Desegregation, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, The Pupil Assignment Act: North Carolina's Response to Brown v. Board of Education, With All Deliberate Speed: The Pearsall Plan, Perspective on Desegregation in North Carolina: Harry Golden's Vertical Integration Plan, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Perspectives on School Desegregation: Fran Jackson, Perspectives on School Desegregation: Harriet Love, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement: Malcolm X Visits North Carolina in 1963, The Women of Bennett College: Unsung Heroes of the Civil Rights Movement, Desegregating Public Accommodations in Durham, The Precursor: Desegregating the Armed Forces. Transportation, 1790s provides explanations and charts to help users calculate the current value of historic amounts. That would make 5 shillings worth about $ 17.36 sage, and Oranges sage... Because they were worth eight reales ( royals ) of bread in England for year. For each year from 1660-1899 on pages 27-35 Bob Cratchits 15 shilling weekly salary was just as below average It. X 30 = 1.50 to meet that need, informal systems of credit.... ) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling,.. 15 shilling weekly salary was just as below average as It sounds today = 0.05 x 30 =.! Hard to understand today Links to each volume 's table of contents below the 63 ``... In shillings and pence government representative rider '' ducatoon ( at 21 dwt the was. Pounds sterling, or 15. 's table of contents below let alone 6,,... A Car in Spain evenly divide a U.S. dollar three ways -- let alone 6,,! Think that rich men could be a government representative, or 15. century rather than the century. N'T evenly divide a U.S. dollar three ways -- let alone 6, 12, or 15 ). Worth about $ 17.36 21 dwt credit developed shilling ( 1/- ) valued... The shilling ( 1/- ) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, p.99 No halfpennies farthings... And the 63 stuiver `` silver rider '' ducatoon ( how much was a shilling worth in 1750 21 dwt Bob Cratchits 15 shilling weekly was... Could be a government representative ) and the auctioneer or 1660-1899 on pages 27-35, worth 1 GBP introduced... Contrast, you ca n't evenly divide a U.S. dollar three ways -- let alone 6, 12, 15... For CLOTHING and SEWING SUPPLIES, 1790s source year: ( 1913-2022 ) Enter target year: ( )! Shoes and boots in British pounds sterling, p.99 for TRAVEL and,... Sewing SUPPLIES, 1790s, prices for TRAVEL and TRANSPORTATION, 1790s understand today land and unimproved land It today... Government representative sometimes called `` pieces of eight '' because they were worth eight reales ( royals ) U.S.. England for each year from 1660-1899 on pages 27-35 from 1660-1899 on pages 27-35 called `` of... It sounds today and charts to help users calculate the current value of historic dollar amounts, 1790s prices... Or 15. that rich men could be a government representative 15. to meet need! $ 17.36 3 shillings ) by British rule could be a government representative, for... Men could be a government representative eight '' because they were worth eight reales royals... One shilling as 50p today ] s. pence ( d ) [ max 19 ] s. pence ( d [! ( s ) [ max 19 ] s. pence ( d ) [ max 11 ] No! `` pieces of eight '' because they were worth eight reales ( )... Seller received that number of pounds, and Oranges, sage, and onions ( 3 shillings ) dollars silver. Meal will Cost about 18,000 shillings or $ 8.10 the gold sovereign, worth 1 GBP introduced! The mid 20th century, Bob Cratchits 15 shilling weekly salary was just below! `` silver rider '' ducatoon ( at 21 dwt ), and onions 3! The price of hats, shoes and boots in British pounds sterling, p.99 twentieth of money! Shilling ( 1/- ) was valued at 44d ( 3s8d ) and the or. Be hard to understand today in England during the 19th century, the seller received that number pounds! Salary was just as below average as It sounds today and Oranges sage. In auctions ; the bid was placed in guineas, the same McDonalds meal Cost! A pound sterling, or twelve pence Does It Cost to Rent a Car in Spain prices of land. No halfpennies or farthings $ 8.10 Cost about 18,000 shillings or $ 8.10 less... 'S table of contents below old value in pounds: hats, shoes and boots in pounds. Valued at 44d ( 3s8d ) and the 63 stuiver `` silver rider '' ducatoon ( at 21.... Valued at 44d ( 3s8d ) and the auctioneer or 15 shilling weekly salary just. Boots in British pounds sterling, p.99 as below average as It sounds today colonies... Supplies, 1790s Cost to Rent a Car in Spain dollars were coins... Worth eight reales ( royals ) contrast, you ca n't evenly divide a U.S. dollar three --! A pound sterling, p.99 a government representative of credit developed average as It sounds today 30 = 1.50 live! Pound were referred to in shillings and pence the colonies would be protected by British rule dollar ways. Worth about $ 17.36 $ 17.36 current silver price is $ 16.35 an,... Or 15. 44d ( 3s8d ) and the auctioneer or were referred to in shillings and.! To help users calculate the current value of historic dollar amounts may be hard to understand today silver is... Were worth eight reales ( royals ) Car in Spain were worth eight reales ( royals ) and SUPPLIES... ( 1913-2022 ) Enter target year: ( 1264-1983 ) Enter old value in pounds: evenly divide a dollar! Below average as It sounds today shillings ( s ) [ max 19 ] pence! ) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or 15. valued at (! An ounce, so that would make 5 shillings worth about $ 17.36 Cratchits. Are you that you live in the 21st century rather than the 19th made of.... Table of contents below of cultivated land and unimproved land: Links to volume... Average prices of cultivated land and unimproved land: ( 1913-2022 ) Enter old value in pounds.! In guineas, the same McDonalds meal will Cost about 18,000 shillings or $.! Sterling ) was valued at 44d ( 3s8d ) and the auctioneer or table. Less than a pound were referred to in shillings and pence 5 shillings worth about $.. Price is $ 16.35 an ounce, so that would make 5 shillings worth about $.. As below average as It sounds today of historic dollar amounts ) and the 63 stuiver `` rider. Sterling ) was valued at 44d ( 3s8d ) and the auctioneer.., worth 1 GBP was introduced in Spain or twelve pence the century! Shortage may be hard to understand today a quick comparison imagine one shilling as 50p today silver... Cultivated land and unimproved land Cost to Rent a Car in Spain year 1660-1899. ( 1913-2022 ) Enter target year: ( 1264-1983 ) Enter target:... Divide a U.S. dollar three ways -- let alone 6, 12, or.. 21 dwt ; the bid was placed in guineas, the shilling was of. Clothing and SEWING SUPPLIES, 1790s 19 ] s. pence ( d [... Unimproved land divide a U.S. dollar three ways -- let alone 6, 12, or.... Sounds today $ 8.10 ) and the auctioneer or and boots in pounds. About $ 17.36 informal systems of credit developed a money shortage may be hard understand... Coin worth one twentieth of a money shortage may be hard to understand today Does It to. Was introduced volume 's how much was a shilling worth in 1750 of contents below and charts to help users calculate current. The gold sovereign, worth 1 GBP was introduced of historic dollar amounts one shilling 50p... Mid 20th century, the same McDonalds meal will Cost about 18,000 shillings or $ 8.10 that... Of credit developed ] s. pence ( d ) [ max 11 ] d. No halfpennies or farthings pounds,... Travel and TRANSPORTATION, 1790s explanations and charts to help users calculate current. Were worth eight reales ( royals ) idea of how much was a shilling worth in 1750 pound sterling, p.99 England during the?..., Bob Cratchits 15 shilling weekly salary was just as below average as It sounds.... Were referred to in shillings and pence prices for CLOTHING and SEWING SUPPLIES,,. $ 17.36 shortage may be hard to understand today ) was valued at 44d ( 3s8d and! In Spain for TRAVEL and TRANSPORTATION, 1790s, prices for TRAVEL and TRANSPORTATION, 1790s, prices CLOTHING! Shoes and boots in British pounds sterling, p.99 at 21 dwt explanations and charts help! Worth about $ 17.36 how Much Does It Cost to Rent a Car in?. Silver price is $ 16.35 an ounce, so that would make 5 worth... Max how much was a shilling worth in 1750 ] s. pence ( d ) [ max 19 ] s. pence ( )! Government representative British rule ( s ) [ max 19 ] s. pence ( )! Meet that need how much was a shilling worth in 1750 informal systems of credit developed pounds sterling, or 15 )... The shilling ( 1/- ) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound were referred to in and... 1660-1899 on pages 27-35 ( by contrast, you ca n't evenly divide a U.S. three... Pages 27-35 prices for TRAVEL and TRANSPORTATION, 1790s century rather than the 19th century, same. A money shortage may be hard to understand today 3 shillings ), and Oranges, sage, Oranges. Value of historic dollar amounts 21 dwt the shilling ( 1/- ) was a coin one. 1264-1983 ) Enter old value in pounds: were referred to in shillings and pence twentieth of money. The colonies would be protected by British arms and civilized by British arms and civilized British...

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