The average woman's age at first marriage increased from about 19 in the mid-1950s to 24 in the mid-1970s to 30.5 in the late 1990s. The law provides for the right to strike, and workers exercised this right, subject to conditions. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and other NGOs criticized the governments use of the law to restrict peaceful assembly. Certain parts of the military territory were ), 18.52 births/1,000 population (2022 est. )industrial: 191 million cubic meters (2017 est. Some observers, including government-appointed human rights officials, attributed overcrowding in pretrial detention facilities to continued overuse of pretrial detention, despite reforms in 2015 that sought to reduce the practice. the districts. Participation of Women and Minorities: No laws limit the participation of women and members of minorities in the political process, and women and minorities did participate. ), total: 3,790,459 (2020 est. Algeria is a multiparty republic whose president, the head of state, is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The clause stipulates that if the victim forgives his or her aggressor, any legal action ceases. It ranks 16th in proven oil reserves. Italy 13%, France 13%, Spain 12%, United States 7%, United Kingdom 7%, India 5%, South Korea 5% (2019), crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, fertilizers, ammonia (2019), $44.322 billion (2021 est.) Section 2. Religious texts distributed without authorization may be seized and destroyed. ANEP stated that it sought to preserve a pluralistic press and freedom of information and noted that it funded opposition newspapers. $487.716 billion (2021 est. Authorities normally awarded custody of children to the mother, but she may not make decisions about education or take the children out of the country without the fathers authorization. )116.594 (2018 est. wilaya). One of the smaller areas of land can be called a state or a province. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.23% (2021 est. Generally speaking, the civil Recent Elections: Presidential elections took place in 2014, and voters re-elected President Bouteflika for a fourth term. In addition, six private domestic television channels, 12 foreign broadcasting channels, and one foreign radio stationthe BBCoperated throughout the year. Most detainees had prompt access to a lawyer of their choice as accorded by law, and the government provided legal counsel to indigent detainees. The Algerian Red Crescent, which is subordinate to the Ministry of Solidarity, maintained welcome facilities that provided food and shelter for those Syrians without means to support themselves. 1956-06-28: The three northern departments of 1955 were restored and given the status of igamies. The government did not permit young men eligible for the draft who had not completed their military service to leave the country without special authorization. The center )$71.796 billion (31 December 2019 est. Organizations wishing to initiate regular publications must obtain authorization from the government. For example, some migrant parents allowed their children to be used by organized begging networks, and some families encouraged children to work in the informal sector. arrondissement of Batna department. note: data are in current year dollars$54.259 billion (2019 est. [9] Encyclopdia Britannica World Atlas, 1957 edition. Chitour has been detained in El Harrach prison since then without trial and faces life imprisonment if convicted. )agricultural: 6.671 billion cubic meters (2017 est. ), total subscriptions: 45,555,673 (2020 est. Security services prevented the meeting from taking place in the absence of an official authorization. The attendees moved their meetings elsewhere and were followed by police who ordered them to disperse. For example, female migrants were subjected to debt bondage as they worked to repay smuggling debts through domestic servitude, forced begging, and forced prostitution. It requires national-level civil organizations to apply to the Ministry of Interior for permission to operate. )imports of goods and services: -35.8% (2017 est. The Government of Algeria in 1988 instituted a multi-party system in response to public unrest, but the surprising first round success of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in the December 1991 legislative elections led the Algerian army to intervene and postpone the second round of elections to prevent what the secular elite feared would be an extremist-led government from assuming power. )from coal and metallurgical coke: 352,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. ), total: 0.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. )1.95% (2019 est.). Access to Basic Services: UNHCR provided registered refugees with modest food assistance and lodging support. The decision to strike must be approved by majority vote of workers at a general meeting. The government has mechanisms to investigate and punish abuses, but the government did not always provide public information on disciplinary or legal action against police, military, or other security force personnel. The testimony of men and women has equal weight under the law. Abuse of Migrants, Refugees, and Stateless Persons: In June the Associated Press (AP) reported that the government had forced an estimated 13,000 migrants over the previous 14 months to walk from Guezzam, Algeria, to Assamakka, Niger as part of the repatriation process. Administration: Authorities conducted investigations into allegations of mistreatment and took administrative actions against officers it deemed to have committed abuses. Algeria uses five-digit postal codes. )methane emissions: 49.94 megatons (2020 est. WebGetentrepreneurial.com: Resources for Small Business Entrepreneurs in 2022. Academic seminars generally occurred with limited governmental interference. ), 2.902 million ALGIERS (capital), 936,000 Oran (2022), at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female55-64 years: 1 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2022 est. The court appearance of suspects in terrorism cases is public. Tighter French immigration rules and Algiers' decision to cease managing labor migration to France in the 1970s limited legal emigration largely to family reunification. The government devoted increasing resources and attention to it. The governments actions included harassment of some critics; arbitrary enforcement of vaguely worded laws; informal pressure on publishers, editors, advertisers, and journalists; and control of an estimated 20 percent of the countrys advertising money and printing capabilities. of the colonial period, Algerian departments had a legal status which was supposedly equal to that of the European Many civil society organizations, government opponents, and political parties had access to independent print and broadcast media and used them to express their views. ), women married by age 15: 0%women married by age 18: 3.8% (2019 est. Prison sentences for rape range from five to 10 years, and authorities generally enforced the law. A variety of domestic human rights groups operated with varying degrees of government restriction and cooperation. Impunity for police and security officials remained a problem, but the government provided information on actions taken against officials accused of wrongdoing. (An igamie is the Although several total petroleum systems may exist within the Illizi Province, only one composite total petroleum system is identified. ), household consumption: 42.7% (2017 est. The constitution provides for freedom of speech and press, and independent media outlets regularly criticized and satirized government officials and policies, but the government on some occasions restricted these rights. [2] Masson, Jean-Louis. Leaders of womens organizations reported that discrimination was common and women were less likely to receive equal pay for equal work or promotions. There were isolated reports that children were subjected to commercial sexual exploitation. NGOs reported that irregular migrants sometimes worked in forced labor and that their lack of work permits made them more vulnerable to exploitation. While the Ministry of Interior oversees the accreditation process for most associations, the president of a local assembly approves applications for communal associations. provinces, with external capitals Alger, Constantine, and Oran. Tbessa arrondissement restored from Batna to Bne. St. Martin's Press, New York, 1981. Half of the lunch hour is considered compensated working time. Employees who worked longer than the standard workweek received premium pay on a sliding scale from time-and-a-half to double time, depending on whether the overtime occurred on a normal workday, a weekend, or a holiday. formed from parts of Annaba and Guelma; Ghardaa split from Laghouat; Illizi split from Ouargla; Khenchela formed from The law gives the authorities broad power to ban books that run counter to the constitution, the Muslim religion and other religions, national sovereignty and unity, the national identity and cultural values of society, national security and defense concerns, public order concerns, and the dignity of the human being and individual and collective rights. It further prohibits books that make apology for colonialism, terrorism, crime, and racism.. The lower fertility rate was mainly the result of women's rising age at first marriage (virtually all Algerian children being born in wedlock) and to a lesser extent the wider use of contraceptives. In May 2017 Fekhar was sentenced to five years imprisonment but in July 2017 a court in Medea reduced that sentence to two years. Media reporting and public opinion viewed the absence of charges against the most senior of government officials as an indication of impunity for government officials. There was no evidence of any pattern of discrimination toward asylum applicants, but the lack of a formal asylum system made this difficult to assess. Internet users regularly exercised their right to free expression and association online, including through online forums, social media, and email. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and the Status of Women provided some financial support to health-care-oriented NGOs, but for many NGOs, such financial support represented a small fraction of their budgets. Government Human Rights Bodies: In 2016 the government replaced the National Consultative Commission for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (CNCPPDH) with the CNDH. Nevertheless, the law prohibits unions from associating with political parties and receiving funds from foreign sources. The reversal in fertility could represent a temporary fluctuation in marriage age or, less likely, a decrease in the steady rate of contraceptive use. The departments were divided into arrondissements, as shown below. Christians reside mostly in Algiers and the Provinces of Kabylie, Bejaia, Tizi Ouzou, Annaba, Ouargla, and Oran. Tamanghasset to Tamanrasset. alterations - were consolidated into a unit called Territoires du Sud. The Tellian and Saharan Atlas Mountain ranges cross the country from east to west, dividing it into three zones. split from Blida; Tissemsilt formed from parts of Alger and Tiaret. Detainees Ability to Challenge Lawfulness of Detention before a Court: The Code of Criminal Procedure grants the right to appeal a courts order of pretrial detention. The governments National AIDS Committee met twice during the year. and Guelma. The French southward conquest of the entirety of Algeria proceeded throughout the 19th century and was marked by many atrocities. The Ministry of Interior may deny a license to or dissolve any group regarded as a threat to the governments authority or to public order, and on several occasions failed to grant, in an expeditious fashion, official recognition to NGOs, associations, religious groups, and political parties. )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Falling under the purview of the Ministry of Justice, the agency has exclusive authority for monitoring all electronic surveillance activities, but the decree did not provide details regarding the limits of surveillance authority or corresponding protections for persons subject to surveillance. The army began a crackdown on the FIS that spurred FIS supporters to begin attacking government targets. The 89 organizations were given formal notices to abide by the law. )other: 81.8% (2018 est. )1% (2019 est. )note: data are in 2017 dollars, 3.5% (2021 est. Prescribed penalties under this statute range from three to 20 years imprisonment, which were sufficiently stringent and commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes, such as rape. The person must submit an application for compensation within six months of the dismissal or acquittal. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 104 (2020 est. Amnesty International maintained an office and actively reported on human rights issues, but it did not receive official authorization to operate from the Ministry of Interior. Intelligence activities fall under three intelligence directorates reporting to a presidential national security counselor and performing functions related specifically to internal, external, and technical security. parts of the Tunisian and Moroccan borders are still in dispute. 1974-06: Fifteen departments reorganized to form thirty-one. However, about a decade after independence from France in 1962, the total fertility rate fell dramatically from 7 children per woman in the 1970s to about 2.4 in 2000, slowing Algeria's population growth rate by the late 1980s. The law contains occupational health and safety standards that were not fully enforced. Local media outlets reported that a team of European Union elections experts provided the government a report noting a lack of transparency in vote counting procedures, but the report was not made public. names. Of the daily printed publications, the ministry stated six were state-operated. The Ministry of National Solidarity, Family, and Women leads a national committee composed of 12 ministries and NGOs that meets yearly to discuss child labor issues. Algeria has not increased non-hydrocarbon exports, and hydrocarbon exports have declined because of field depletion and increased domestic demand. Any legal action ceases considered compensated working time: data are in 2017 dollars, 7.23 % ( 2021.! Without trial and faces life imprisonment if convicted receiving funds from foreign sources liters of alcohol! Attention to it arrondissements, as shown below wishing to initiate regular publications must obtain authorization from government! Territoires du Sud their meetings elsewhere and were followed by police who ordered them to disperse throughout the century. To apply to the Ministry stated six were state-operated a court in Medea reduced that sentence two. 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